Gangotri, the holy shrine of Mahadeo by James Baillie Fraser - 1820

This coloured aquatint was made by Robert Havell and son from plate 11 of JB Fraser's 'Views in the Himala Mountains'. Fraser is alleged to have been the first European to visit and map Gangotri, which is the source of the Ganges. He admitted in his journal to a quiet sense of satisfaction at this achievement. Having met many pilgrims on the way, he wrote: "We were now in the centre of the stupendous Himalas, the loftiest and perhaps the most rugged range of mountains in the world. We were at the source of that noble river, equally an object of veneration and a source of fertility, plenty and opulence to Hindustan; and we had now reached the holiest shrine of Hindoo worship which these holy hills contain."

The town of Rampore by James Baillie Fraser - 1820

This coloured aquatint was made by Robert Havell and Son from plate 5 of JB Fraser's 'Views in the Himala Mountains'. Fraser and his brother William reached Rampur, the capital of Bushair State in the Himalayan foothills, on 12 June 1815. It was an important trading place for cashmere wool and was situated on the banks of the river Sutlej, which was crossed by the precarious rope bridge seen in the bottom left corner.

Crossing the Touse by James Baillie Fraser - 1820

This coloured aquatint was made by Robert Havell and Son from plate 10 of JB Fraser's 'Views in the Himala Mountains'. It shows a detachment of William Fraser's 'Irregulars' crossing the River Tons - a tributary of the Yamuna - by means of a harness dangling from a rope. Crossing rivers in the Himalayas was always a hazardous undertaking as the waters from the mountains were often raging torrents.

Village & Castle of Bumpta by James Baillie Fraser - 1820

This coloured aquatint was made by Robert Havell and Son from plate 14 of JB Fraser's 'Views in the Himala Mountains'. The village and fort of Bumpta were situated on a steep hillside. The once-extensive fort lay in ruins, having been damaged by accidental fire. The Rana of Jubbal was building a residence on its foundations. On the way to Bumpta the terrain became more rugged and Fraser commented in his journal: "I have travelled in the Highlands of Scotland, and have made long marches there without more fatigue than is usually felt, but I must aver that a twelve or thirteen miles stage, such as of this day, has fatigued me more than upwards of three times its distance at home."

The ridge and fort of Jytock by James Baillie Fraser - 1820

This coloured aquatint was made by Robert Havell and son from plate 4 of JB Fraser's 'Views in the Himala Mountains'. A hill in the Nahan area of Himachal Pradesh, Jaitak was crowned with a fortress built by the Nepalese general Ranajor Thapa in 1810. It was the scene of one of the fiercest battles of the Anglo-Nepal War, when General Ranajor retreated there from Nahan. Fraser witnessed the beginning of the Siege of Jaithak; it was during his time there, he explained in his journal, that "the Devil of Drawing broke loose there was no holding him". He added: "When at Jytock with General Martindell's Army, I got seized with a desire to delineate some of the objects that there met our view and the first impulse was in an odd place, in our Batteries, when really it was not quite pleasant for the Enemies Shot were playing over our heads quite briskly."

The valley of the Jumna with two grand peaks of Bunderpooch by James Baillie Fraser - 1820

This aquatint was made by Robert Havell and Son from plate 8 of JB Fraser's 'Views in the Himala Mountains'. This snowy Himalayan massif is known as the Bandarpunch or Monkey's Tail. It is 6316 metres high. The source of the great river Yamuna lies here.

On his arrival in the river valley Fraser decided to journey on to the source. He wrote: "After a succession of ascents and descents of various importance in a space of twelve miles and a half we reached the ridge ... and saw the River Jumna winding far below us like a silver line in the deep dark hollow of its bed."

Jumnotree, the source of the River Jumna by James Baillie Fraser - 1820

This coloured aquatint was made by Robert Havell and Son from plate 20 of J. B. Fraser's 'Views in the Himala Mountains'. Yamunotri is the name given to the source of one of India's great northern rivers, the Yamuna. The site of thermal hot springs, it is revered by Hindus as sacred. The actual source is from a glacier lake nearby, the Saptarishi Kund, which is fed by snow-melt streams. Fraser wrote of Yamunotri: "where the various small streams formed on the mountain brow, by the many masses of snow, unite in one, and fall into a basin below ... Between the two banks the view is closed by the breast of the mountain, which is of a vivid green from perpetual moisture, and is furrowed by time and the torrents into numberless ravines; and down these ravines are seen trickling the numerous sources of this branch of the Jumna."

Byramghattee by James Baillie Fraser - 1820

This coloured aquatint was made by Robert Havell and Son from plate 19 of JB Fraser's 'Views in the Himala Mountains'. Now little more than a hamlet, Bhaironghati lies about 10 kilometres from Gangotri. It is set in a thickly forested region near the river Jahnavi, a tributary of the Bhagirathi (the Ganges at its origin).

Arriving here on 19 July 1815, James wrote: "A very singular and terrible place. The course of the river has continued foaming through its narrow rocky bed and the hills approach their heads, as though they could meet at a prodigious height above. At this point the Bhagiruttee is divided into two branches; that which preserves the name descends from the eastward, and the other, of a size fully equal, called the Jhannevie, joins it from the north-east. Both these rivers run in chasms, the depth, narrowness and rugged wildness of which it is impossible to describe."

Source: British Library